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Hafez
Khwāja Shams-ud-Dīn Muhammad Hāfez-e Shīrāzī ((ペルシア語:خواجه شمسالدین محمد حافظ شیرازی)), known by his pen name Hafez ( ''Hāfiz''; 1325/26–1389/90),〔http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/251392/Hafez〕 was a Persian poet who "laud() the joys of love and wine () also targeted religious hypocrisy".〔 His collected works are regarded as a pinnacle of Persian literature and are to be found in the homes of most people in Iran, who learn his poems by heart and use them as proverbs and sayings to this day. His life and poems have been the subject of much analysis, commentary and interpretation, influencing post-14th century Persian writing more than any other author.〔Yarshater. Accessed 25 July 2010.〕〔Aga Khan III, ("Hafiz and the Place of Iranian Culture in the World" ), November 9, 1936 London.〕
Themes of his ghazals are the beloved, faith, and exposing hypocrisy. His influence in the lives of Persian speakers can be found in "Hafez readings" (''fāl-e hāfez'', (ペルシア語:فال حافظ)) and the frequent use of his poems in Persian traditional music, visual art, and Persian calligraphy. His tomb is visited often. Adaptations, imitations and translations of Hafez' poems exist in all major languages.
==Life==
Hafez was born in Shiraz, Iran. His parents were from Kazerun, Fars Province. Despite his profound effect on Persian life and culture and his enduring popularity and influence, few details of his life are known. Accounts of his early life rely upon traditional anecdotes. Early ''tazkiras'' (biographical sketches) mentioning Hafez are generally considered unreliable.〔Lit. Hist. Persia III, pp. 271-73〕 At an early age he memorized the Quran and was given the title of ''Hafez'', which he later utilized as his pen name. The preface of his Divān, in which his early life is discussed, was written by an unknown contemporary whose name may have been Moḥammad Golandām.〔Khorramshahi. Accessed 25 July 2010〕 Two of the most highly regarded modern editions of Hafez's Divān are compiled by Moḥammad Qazvini and Qāsem Ḡani (495 ''ghazals'') and by Parviz Natil Khanlari (486 ''ghazals'').〔Lewisohn, p. 69.〕〔Gray, pp. 11-12. Gray notes that Qazvini’s and Gani’s compilation in 1941 relied on the earliest known texts at that time, and that none of the four texts they used were related to each other. Since then, she adds, more than fourteen earlier texts have been found, but their relationships to each other have not been studied.〕
Modern scholars generally agree that Hafez was born either in 1315 or 1317; following an account by Jami 1390 is considered the year in which he died.〔〔Lewisohn, p. 67〕 Hafez was supported by patronage from several successive local regimes: Shah Abu Ishaq, who came to power while Hafez was in his teens; Timur at the end of his life; and even the strict ruler Shah Mubariz ud-Din Muhammad (Mubariz Muzaffar). Though his work flourished most under the twenty-seven year reign of Jalal ud-Din Shah Shuja (Shah Shuja),〔Gray, pp. 2-4.〕 it is claimed Hāfez briefly fell out of favor with Shah Shuja for mocking inferior poets (Shah Shuja wrote poetry himself and may have taken the comments personally), forcing Hāfez to flee from Shiraz to Isfahan and Yazd, although no historical evidence of this is available.〔 His mausoleum, Hāfezieh, is located in the Musalla Gardens of Shiraz.
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